Although transient proteinuria typically is a benign condition, persistent proteinuria requires further work-up. Glomerular, renal, and urologic causes of microhematuria often can be differentiated by other elements of the urinalysis. Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. Specific gravity provides a reliable assessment of the patient’s hydration status. Dipstick urinalysis is convenient, but false-positive and false-negative results can occur. A strong odor may be the result of a concentrated specimen rather than a urinary tract infection. Cloudy urine often is a result of precipitated phosphate crystals in alkaline urine, but pyuria also can be the cause. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations.
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